跪求初中英语（外研版）单词、短语归纳

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(一)句型(一)

such+名词性词组+that…

So+形容词/副词+that…——如此……以致……

例如：(1)She is such a good teacher that we all love her.她是一个好老师，我们都爱她。

(2)It was such a hot day that they didn’t go out for a walk as usual.这么热的天气，他们没有像往常一样去散步。

注意点：

1.such+a+形容词+名词+that…，可以改写成：so+形容词+a+名词+that…，例句(1)可以改写成：She is so good a teacher that we all love her.

2.在such+形容词+名词复数或不可数名词+that…结构中，形容词如果是many/few或much/little时，用so不用such，即：so+many/few+可数名词复数+that…，so+much/little+不可数名词+that…

(1)There are so many people in the room that I can’t get in.房间里人太多，我进不去。

(2)The man has so much money that he can buy a car.那人很有钱，他能买一辆小汽车。

句型(二) （就近一致）

There be…，either…or…，neither…nor…，not only…but also…

例如：(1)There is a pen and two pencils in his pencil-box.他的铅笔盒里有一支钢笔和两支铅笔。

(2)Not only you but also I have been to the Great Wall.你和我都没有去过长城。

(3)Either you or I am leaving for Shanghai.要么你去上海，要么我去上海。

(4)Neither you nor he is right.你和他都不对。

(5)Both Jack and Tim are English.

Jack和Tim是英国人。

注意点：

当这几个句型连接主语时，谓语动词的人称和数要考虑“就近原则”，对比both…and… 来记忆，both…and…连接主语时视为复数。

句型(三)

Enough+名词+to do…——有足够的……做某事

形容词/副词+enough+to do …——足够……做某事

例如：(1)There is enough room to hold these people to have a meeting.有足够的地方容下这些人开会。

(2)The boy is strong enough to carry the heavy box.这个男孩力气够大，能搬动这只箱子。

注意点：

enough做副词修饰形容词或副词时，放在所修饰词的后面，句子可以用so…that…句型改写。例句(2)可以改写为：The boy is so strong that he can carry the heavy box.这个男孩力气很大，能搬动这只箱子。

句型(四) too .... to .....

too+形容词/副词+to do…——太……以致不能……

例如：(1)I was too excited to say a word.我激动得一个字也说不出来。

(2)Tom is too short to reach the apple. Tom太矮了，拿不到那个苹果。

注意点：

这是一个否定句型，不能在不定式前加 not，可以用so…that…结构改写，例如例句(1)可以改写成：I was so excited that I couldn’t say a word.

句型(五)

So that …——以便/ 以致……

例如：(1)They studied hard so that they could pass the exam.他们学习很努力，为了能通过考试。

(2)They started early so that they caught the early bus.他们起得很早，结果赶上了早班车。

注意点：

在例句(1)中,是引导目的状语；在例句(2)中，是引导结果状语。一般来讲，从句中含有情态动词的，为目的状语。无情态动词的，为结果状语。

句型(六)

祈使句+then/or/and+陈述句

例如：(1)Work hard,and/then/and then you will live a happy life.努力工作，你就会过上幸福生活。

(2)Hurry up, or we will be late for school. 快点，否则我们上学就迟到了。

注意点：

以上句型都可以用条件状语从句来改写。例句(2)可以改写成：If we don’t hurry up,we’ll be late for school.

句型(七)

(1)It’s time for sth.是干某事的时间了。

It’s time (for sb) to do sth.该干某事了。

It’s time that sb did sth.该干某事了。

例如：(1) It’s time for the meeting.该开会了。

(2)It’s time for us to go to school.我们该上学了。

(3)It’s high time that you went to bed.你该上床休息了。

注意点：

在句型(3)中，可以在time前加rush、 high等修饰词，这个句型是虚拟语气的一种，含有“稍迟一点”的含义。而(2)则是“正是干某事的时候”。

句型(八) "花费”

(1)It takes sb. Some time to do sth.干某事花某人一些时间

(2)sb. spend some time on sth./(in) doing sth.某人花时间在某事上/花时间干某事

(3)sb. spend some money on sth./(in) doing sth.某人花钱在某物上/花钱干某事

(4)sth. cost sb. Some money——某事花某人一些钱

(5) sb. pay some money for sth.某人为某事(物)付钱

例如：(1)It took me two hours to write the letter.写这封信花了我两小时的时间。

(2)He spends half an hour (in) reading English every morning.他每天早上花半小时读英语。

(3)He spends one hour on the housework every day.他每天花一小时做家务。

(4)The bike cost me 298 yuan.这辆自行车花了我298元。

(5)I spent 298 yuan on the bike.我买这辆自行车花了298 元。

(6)I paid 298 yuan for the bike.我花了298元买这辆自行车。

注意点：cost主语一般为物；spend、pay主语一般为人。例(1)中it 用做形式主语，动词不定式为真正主语。

句型(九) 提建议

(1)Why not do…?为什么不干某事？

(2)Let’s do …让我们干某事吧。

(3)Shall we do …?我们干某事好吗？

(4)Would you like something/to do sth.…?你想要什么吗？你想要干…吗？

(5)Will you please do …?请你干某事好吗？

(6)What (How) about doing…?干某事怎么样？

例如：(1)Why not go and ask our teacher?Good idea!Let’s go.为什么不去问问老师？好主意！走吧！

(2)Shall we go out for a walk?No, let’s go to the zoo.我们去散步怎么样？不，我们去动物园吧。

(3)Will you please fetch some chalks for me?请你给我拿些粉笔，好吗？

(4)What about singing an English song? Wonderful!唱首英语歌曲怎么样？好极了！

注意点：这些句型都是表示“建议”的句子，可视为同义句。

句型(十)

(1)Let’s go out for a walk,shall we?让我们出去散步，好吗？

(2)Read the book carefully,will you?认真读书，好吗？

注意点：在这两个句型中，(2)所代表的祈使句，一般用will you构成反意疑问句。在(1)中Let’s表示包括“我”在内，用shall we，但若是let us，表示不包括“我”在内，则用will you。

例如：Let us go out for a walk,will you?你让我们出去散散步，好吗？

句型(十一) 倒装句

So+be/助动词/情态动词+主语——也……

Neither/Nor+be/助动词/情态动词+主语——也不……

例如：(1)He can sing a lot of English songs,so can she.他会唱很多英语歌曲，她也是。

(2)She speaks English very well,so do I.她英语说得好，我也是。

(3)Li Lei hasn’t read this book,neither has Lin Feng.李蕾没看过这本书，林风也没看过。

注意点：这两个句型都表示和前面所陈述的内容相同，用倒装句。要注意和 “so+主语+be/助动词/情态动词——确实是”相区别，试对比一下例(2)：

A：She speaks English very well.她英语说得很好。

B：so she does.确实是这样。



句型(十二) 否定的转移

I don’t think his answer is right.我认为他的答案不对。

例如：(1)I can’t believe she is right.我相信她是不对的。

(2)You don’t think they will come tomorrow, do you?你认为他们明天不会来，是吗？

注意点：Think、believe、suppose 等接宾语从句时，表示否定时否定主句。变为反意疑问句时，若主语是第一人称，简短问句与宾语从句的主谓语保持一致， 若主句主语是其他人称，与主句主谓语保持一致。例(1)变为反意疑问句应为：I can’t believe she is right,is she?

（在某些情况下，这种否定也可能不转移，如有兴趣，可上网查找“否定不转移”

(二)

初中英语重要句型(25组）

1.There be结构

a.这是英语中常见的一种结构，表示“某地有某物”其含义为“存在有”。

eg.There are twenty girls in our class.have也解释为“有”

但是与there be有区别，它的含义是“所有，属有”，其主语为某人。

eg.I have a nice watch.

b.There be结构中的be动词要和后面所跟名词保持一致。

C, there be 结构的否定和疑问构成方式：

2.There is a rivernear our school.

否：There is not a river near our school.

问：Is there a river near our school.

回答：Yes, there is. No, there isn’t.

划⑴How many rivers are there near our school?

⑵What’s near our school?

d.there be结构的一般将来时，同学们较难掌握，其正确形式为：there is going to be

e.反意疑问句的构成：There is no water in the glass, is there?

①There is going to _____ a football match this afternoon.

A.have B.watch C.be D.play

②They were sure that they were going to ____ a rest.

A.be B.have C.be on D.on

2.so,neither引导的倒装句

a.So+be(助动词，情态动词)+主语。表示某人也是如此。

eg.Mike has bought some foreign stamps.

So has Bob.=Bob has bought some,too.

b.Neither+be(助动词，情态动词)＋主语，表示某人也不。

eg.Mother has never been to Japan.

Neither has Father.=Father has never been to Japan, either.

c.So＋主语＋be(助动词，情态动词)。表示果真如此(赞同),请与a.区别。

eg.A:Mike is right in the classroom.

B:So he is.=He is really in the class room.

3.It’s+时间+since动词过去式。自从...起已有...时间了。

⑴It’s two weeks since we met last.(自从我们上次见面已有两个星期了)

⑵How long is it since we left Beijing?(自从我们离开北京已有多久了

4.祈使句+and (那么)...

eg.Go straight on and you’ll see a school. =If you go straight on, you’ll see a school.

5.祈使句+or...否则...

eg.Work hard, or you will fall behind the other students.

=If you don’t work hard, you’ll fall behind the other.

6. The+比较级...，the+比较级...越...越...

eg.⑴The more, the better.越多越好。

⑵The harder you work on it, the better you’ll be at it.(你越用功，你就越好。)

7.How do you like the film? =What do you think of the film? (你认为这部电影怎样？)

8.What...do with...?怎样对付...?怎样处理...?

虽然中文为怎样，我们绝不可照字面翻译为how.

eg.A:What have you done with the library book?

B:I’ve just returned it to the library.

9.I don’t know what to do.我不知道该怎么办？

I don’t know how to do. ×

10.What...be like?...是什么样的？

eg.⑴What’s the weather like?天气如何？

⑵What’s your school like?你们学校是什么样的？

11.What...for?为何目的？为什么？

eg.What do you want a science lab for?=Why do you want a science lab?

12.one of +最高级＋复数 最...之一

eg.Miss Zhao is one of the most popular teachers.

13.find\feelhink it +形容词+to do

eg.I find it useful to learn English well. (我发觉学好英语是很有用的)

find +宾语 +名词 eg.I find him a good boy. (我发现他是个好男孩.)

find +宾语 +形容词 eg.I find the door open/closed. (我发现门开/关着)

I find our bags filled with/full of presents. (我发现我们的包装满了礼物)

14.I don’t think+肯定句 我想...不

eg.I don’t think I’ll take it. (我想我不买它了)

请注意:中文意思否定在从句中,但是英语的表达否定在主句中。

15.prefer A to B=like A better than B更喜欢A不怎么喜欢B.

eg. I prefer fish to chicken.= I like fish better than chicken

prefer to do rather than do

would rather do than do= would do rather than do

16.had better do sth.最好干某事.

否定:had better not do sth.

特别注意:had better后面跟be动词词组,不可漏掉be.

eg.You’d better catch a train.

You’d better not talk in class.

You’d better not be late for the class.

17.It is good (nice) of+宾格+to do sth.

It is easy (important) for+宾格+to do sth.

eg.It is very good of you to teach me English. (你教我英语真是太好了)

18.It takes sb. some time to do sth.(干某事化费某人多少时间)

=sb.spend some time on sth.\ (in) doing sth.

eg.It took me half an hour to do the work. =I spent half anhourin doing the work.

19.sb.pay钱 for物 某物化费了某人多少钱

=sb.spend钱 on物

=物 cost sb.钱 pay的过去式为paid而不是payed.

eg.I paid thirty yuan for the coat.

=I spent thirty yuan on the coat.

=The coat cost me thirty yuan.

20.have been to某人曾去过某地,现在人不在那儿

sb.have been in+地点 某人呆在某地(一段时间)

have gone to某人已去某地,人不在这儿

21.⑴ too…形容词(副词)+to…"太…而不能" "太…以致于不"

eg.①The basket is too heavy for me to carry.这篮子太重我拿不动。

②This colour TV is too expensive for us to buy.这台彩电对我们来说太贵了，买不起。

⑵so...that如此...以致于...

上面的too...to结构的句子，可以换成so...that引导的句子转换。

①The basket is so heavy that I can’t carry it.

②This colour TV is so expensive that we can’t afford it.

22.What’s the population of ...? ...人口有多少？

不说How much population in...?形容人口数量的大用large

eg.The population of China is ten times as large as that of the USA

23.I’ve come to return your pan. (我跑来是还你锅的) →Why have you come?而不用What

24.not...until (连词)直到----才

eg.He says that he won’t be free until tomorrow.他说他需到明天方才有空。

肯定句＋until到

eg.You’d better wait until tomorrow. (你最好等到明天)

25.neither...nor...既不...也不...

either...or...或者...或者...

Not only---but also不仅---而且

eg.Neither Tom nor his brothers know how to spell the word "hundred".

Either you or she is right. (谓语动词就近原则)

both...and...两者都...

eg.Both Jim and I are in Grade One (主语看作复数)

练习题：

1.-Where is Mary? -Oh, she _____ the librory.

A.has gone to B.went to C.has been to D.had gone to

2.He knew little about the film ____ he saw it yesterday evening.

A.if B.since C.until D.because

3.I____ change his mind. Don’t worry, He’ll surely come to get it.

A.think he won’t B.think he will C.don’t think he won’t D.don’t think he will

4.- _____do you_____ the TV play? - Not bad, I think.

A.How;think of B.What;like C.How;like D.What;think

5. I _____ have a good time _____ the party.

A.hope you will;at B.like you; on C.hope you to ;in D.want you that; from

完成句子：

1. 中国有多少人口，中国的人口大约是世界人口的四分之一。

_____ the population of China? It’s about _____ ______ of the world’s population.

2.门铃一直响着，直到门被林涛打开才停。

The doorbell ______ _____until the door was opened by Lin Tao.

3.午饭后他休息了一会儿，我也休息了一会儿。

He had a short rest after lunch, and ______ ______ I.

4.史密斯夫妇离开他们的家乡已有十多年时间了。

______ more than ten years ____ Mr and Mrs Smith left their home town.

5.公共汽车里挤得几乎连站的地方都没有.

The bus was_____ crowded that there was hardly ______ standing room in it.

思考题：

1、做饭花了她半个小时。

It ___ ____ half an hour ___ ___ some cooking.=I ______ half an hour _______ some cooking.

2、你真好，经常在数学上帮助我。

It’s really nice _____ you to ____ me _____ my ______.

3、Lily跑得不快，赢不了比赛。

Lily ______ run quickly _____ ______ _____ the race.=Lily ____ ____ ___ ___ ____ the race.

4、在美术课上做一张教师节卡片怎样？

_____ ____ _____ a Teachers’ Day card ____ the art lesson?

5、足球是我校最受欢迎的运动项目之一。

Football is ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ games in our school.

(三)

英语五类重点必知句型

一、常使用动词不定式的短语

1、It’s time to do sth. It’s time for sth 该作某事的时候了.

2、can’t wait to do sth. 迫不及待要作某事

3、ask (tell sb. (not ) to do sth. 要求/告诉某人(不)作某事

4、allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人作某事

5、be supposed to do sth. 应该作某事

6、Would like /want (sb.) to do sth. 想要作某事

7、have sth/nothing to do 有…时要做/与…无关

8、find it +adj. to do sth. 发觉作某事…

9、prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 宁愿作某事,而不愿作某事

10、It’s +adj. for sb. to do sth. 作某事对某人来说…

11、It’s better /best to do sth. 最好做某事

12、It takes sb. st. to do sth. 某人做某事用了一些时间



二、常用动名词的短语

1、enjoy /like /love doing sth. 喜欢做某事

2、keep /keep on /carry on / go on doing sth. 继续做某事

3、feel like doing sth. 想要做某事

4、practice doing sth. 练习作某事

5、give up doing sth. 放弃作某事

6、be good at/ do well in doing sth. 擅长作某事

7、pay attention to doing sth. 注意作某事

8、what about/ how about doing sth. ….怎么样(好吗)?

9、Thank you for doing sth. 为…感谢某人

10、mind doing sth. 介意作某事

11、be used for doing sth./ be used to do sth. 被用来作某事

12、spend …(in) doing sth. 花时间作某时

13、be busy doing/ with sth. 忙于作某事

14、finish doing sth. 作完某时

15、look forward to doing. 盼望做某事

16、prefer doing sth. to doing sth. 喜欢…胜过…

17、be/get used to doing sth. 习惯作某事

18、keep / stop/ prevent sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人作某事

三、省略动词不定式的短语

1、一看二听三使役

see/ hear/ feel/ notice/ look at /listen to sb. do sth. 看见/听见/感觉/注意某人作某事

make /let /have sb. do sth. 使/让某人做某事

2、help sb. (to) do sth/ with sth.帮助某人作某事

3、had better (not) do sth. 最好(不)做某事

4、Why don’t you/ not do sth.为什么不作某事

5、Would /Will / Could you please (not) do sth. 请你(不)作某事好吗?

四、 同义词比较

1、 stop to do sth. 停下正在做的事去作另一件事

stop doing sth. 停止正在作的事

eg. When the teacher came into the classroom, the students stopped talking. After he worked for an hour, he stopped to have a rest.

2、 forget / remember to do sth. 忘记/记得要去作某事

forget / remember doing sth. 忘记记得曾经做过某事

eg. Please remember to bring my book to school.

I remember doing my homework

3、 used to do sth. 过去常常作某事

be used to do sth. 被用来作某事

be used to doing sth. 习惯于作某事

eg. My father used to smoke.

Wood is used to make paper.

I am used to getting up early.

4、So +be/助动词/情态动词 + 主语 …也一样

So +主语+be/助动词/ 情态动词 是呀,表示赞同别人的观点

Neither + be /助动词/ 情态动词+主语 …也不一样(用于否定句)

eg. He has been to Beijing. So have I.

It’s a fine day. So it is.

She doesn’t like eggs. Neither do I.

5、too…to do sth. 太…而不能…

so +adj. /adv + that(从句) 如此…以致…

such +(a/an +adj.)+n.+ that(从句) 如此…以致…

(not) enough (for sb.) to do sth. (对某人来说)做某事(不)够

eg. The boy is too young to go to school.

The boy is so young that he can’t go to school.

He is such a young boy that he can’t go to school.

The boy is not old enough to go to school.

五、常考知识点

1、keep +adj. 保持…状态

keep (sb.) doing sth. 继续做某事/使某人老是做某事

eg. Everyone should keep our classroom clean.

It’s too late, but he still keeps working.

Lily always keeps us waiting for her.

2、make + n. 使某人成为

make + sb. + adj. 使某人…

make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事

Sb. be made to sth. 某人被迫做某事

eg. We made Peter our monitor.

Books make us happy.

He often makes me laugh.

The workers were made to work 12 hours a day.

3、I don’t think that... 我认为…不

eg. I don’t think you are right.

4、It’s /was/has been+ some time +since+一般过去时… 自从…以来有多久了

eg. It has been two years since we met last time.

6、What do you mean by/ What does .. mean? 是什么意思?

eg. What do you mean by “computer”?/What does “computer”mean?

7、What do you think of…/How do you like …? 你认为…怎么样?

eg. What do you think of this film /How do you like this film?

给你个介词口诀:早、午、晚要用in，at黎明、午夜、点与分。
年、月、年月、季节、周，阳光、灯、影、衣、冒in。
将来时态in...以后，小处at大处in。
有形with无形by，语言、单位、材料in。
特征、方面与方式，心情成语惯用in。
介词at和to表方向，攻击、位置
词性 中文
1 what pron 什么
2 is v 是
3 what's what is的缩写形式
4 your pron 你的,你们的
5 name n 名字
6 my pron 我的
7 I pron 我
8 am v 是
9 I'm I am的缩写形式
10 in prep 在...里(内,上)
11 row n (一)排,(一)行
12 one num 一
13 number n 数字,号码
14 two num 二
15 too adv 也
16 three num 三
17 are v 是
18 you pron 你,你们
19 yes adv 是
20 four num 四
21 five num 五
22 no adv & adj 不,不是
23 not adv 不
24 hi interj 喂(问候或唤起注意)
25 class n (学校里的)班级,年级
26 grade n 年级
27 six num 六
28 seven num 七
29 eight num 八
30 nine num 九
31 ten num 十
32 zero num & n 零
33 plus prep 加,加上
34 it pron 它
35 it's it is的缩写形式
36 how adv (指程度)多少,怎样
37 old adj ...岁的,老的
38 eleven num 十一
39 twelve num 十二
40 minus prep 减,减去
41 thirteen num 十三
42 fourteen num 十四
43 fifteen num 十五
44 hello interj 喂(问候或唤起注意)
45 please interj 请
46 can v.aux 能,可以,会
47 spell v 拼写
48 that pron 那,那个
49 secret n 秘密
50 this pron 这,这个

你可以去初中英语辅导网上看看，或者旺旺英语辅导网，应该有你需要的答案！

热爱教育网http://www.renai-edu.com/

want to do
would like to do
need to do
be going to do
be able to do
see sb. do
see sb. doing
ask sb. to do
tell sb.to do
make sb.do
let sb.do
get sb. to do
have sb. do
hope to do
help sb.do
help sb. to do
enjoy doing
finish doing
risk doing
mind doing
dislike doing
hate to do
hate doing
be interested in doing
be used to doing
used to do
must do
may do
can do
do do
will do
should do
正在进行时动词结尾加ing,还有动名词

I'm missing you...

严格意义上说是现在进行时

现在进行时
现在进行时

现在进行时的基本用法：

a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。

We are waiting for you.

b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。

Mr. Green is writing another novel.

(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)

She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.

c. 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。

The leaves are turning red.

It's getting warmer and warmer.

d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。

You are always changing your mind.
动词后加－ing的规则

1．英语动词加-ing，通常是在原形词尾直接加-ing构成：cough—coughing，climb—climbing，stand—standing，fight—fighting

2．以-e结尾的动词

（1）如果动词原形以一辅音加一不发音的-e结尾，一般应去掉e再加ing：

write—writing，hope—hoping，care—caring，stare—staring，plane—planing，have—having，save—saving， produce—producing， breathe—breathing

（2）以-ie结尾的动词应先将e去掉，将i变成y然后再加-ing：

die—dying，tie—tying，vie—vying，lie—lying

（3）以-ee，－oe，－ye结尾的动词加-ing时应保留词尾e：

see—seeing，flee—fleeing，free—freeing，agree—agreeing，hoe—hoeing， dye—dyeing，eye—eyeing

（4）以-ue结尾的动词大多应先去e再加-ing：

sue—suing，imbue—imbuing，construe—construing，pursue—pursuing，

rue—ruing

有时，词尾e可去掉也可保留：

glue—gluing或 glueing，cue—cuing或 cueing， blue—blueing或 bluing，

true—truing或trueing，clue—clueing或cluing

3．以一元音加一辅音结尾的动词

（1）如果动词最后一音节为重读闭音节，最后一个字母需要重复：

run—running， stop—stopping， hop—hopping， plan—planning，star—starring， control—controlling但辅音x是个例外，无需重复（x其实起着两个辅音的作用）：

tax—taxing，relax—relaxing

（2）如果动词最后一个音节为次重读音节，最后一个字母有时也重复：

kidnap—kidnapping或kidnaping，program—programming或programing

（3）如果动词最后一个音节为非重读音节，最后一个字母大多无需重复：

open—opening，offer—offering，audit—auditing但在有些动词中，重复或不重复均可：

worship—worshiping或 worshipping，focus—focusing或 focussing，cancel—canceling或cancelling，travel—traveling或travelling

以非重读的-el结尾的动词加-ing时，英国英语习惯于重复词尾l，而美国英语则习惯于不重复1。

4．若动词以一元音加一半元音（y或w）结尾，可直接加-ing：

pay—paying， throw—throwing，follow—following， draw—drawing， employ—employing

5．以-ic结尾的动词应先在字母c后加一字母k再加-ing：

frolic—frolicking，panic—panicking，mimic—mimicking，picnic—picnicking，traffic—trafficking

这主要是为在动词后加-ing之后保留/k/这个音。若不在字母c后加字母k而直接加-ing，字母 c的发音就不再是/k/，而是/s/：

其实，保持发音不变是英语中的一条一般规则。再如，在-ing前面无论是增加、保留还是去掉一个字母，都倾向于保留原先的长元音或短元音的发音：

hoping与hopping staring与starring playing与planning

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