记者问奥巴马的生活(中英文)
THE PRESIDENT: Thank you so much, everybody. Have a seat, have a seat. Before I get started, can we get the new presidential setup out here?
(Aides bring out two ferns.)
It was worked before. (Laughter and applause.) That’s more like it.
It is great to be back. What a year, huh? I usually start these dinners with a few self-deprecating jokes. After my stellar 2013, what could I possibly talk about? (Laughter.)
I admit it — last year was rough. Sheesh. (Laughter.) At one point things got so bad, the 47 percent called Mitt Romney to apologize. (Laughter.)
Of course, we rolled out healthcare.gov. That could have gone better. (Laughter.) In 2008 my slogan was, “Yes We Can.” In 2013 my slogan was, “Control-Alt-Delete.” (Laughter.) On the plus side, they did turn the launch of healthcare.gov into one of the year’s biggest movies. (Laughter.)
But rather than dwell on the past, I would like to pivot to this dinner. Let’s welcome our headliner this evening, Joel McHale. (Applause.) On “Community,” Joel plays a preening, self-obsessed narcissist. So this dinner must be a real change of pace for you. (Laughter.)
I want to thank the White House Correspondents Association for hosting us here tonight. I am happy to be here, even though I am a little jet-lagged from my trip to Malaysia. The lengths we have to go to get CNN coverage these days. (Laughter and applause.) I think they’re still searching for their table. (Laughter and applause.)
MSNBC is here. They’re a little overwhelmed. (Laughter.) They’ve never seen an audience this big before. (Laughter.)
But, look, everybody is trying to keep up with this incredibly fast-changing media landscape. For example, I got a lot of grief on cable news for promoting Obamacare to young people on Between Two Ferns. But that’s what young people like to watch. And to be fair, I am not the first person on television between two potted plants. (Laughter and applause.)
Sometimes I do feel disrespected by you reporters. But that’s okay. Seattle Seahawk cornerback Richard Sherman is here tonight. (Applause.) And he gave me some great tips on how to handle it. Jake Tapper, don’t you ever talk about me like that! (Laughter.) I’m the best President in the game! (Laughter.)
What do you think, Richard? Was that good? A little more feeling next time?
While we’re talking sports, just last month, a wonderful story — an American won the Boston Marathon for first time in 30 years. (Applause.) Which was inspiring and only fair, since a Kenyan has been president for the last six. (Laughter and applause.) Had to even things out. (Laughter.)
We have some other athletes here tonight, including Olympic snowboarding gold medalist Jamie Anderson is here. We’re proud of her. (Applause.) Incredibly talented young lady. Michelle and I watched the Olympics — we cannot believe what these folks do — death-defying feats — haven’t seen somebody pull a “180” that fast since Rand Paul disinvited that Nevada rancher from this dinner. (Laughter.) As a general rule, things don’t like end well if the sentence starts, “Let me tell you something I know about the negro.” (Laughter.) You don’t really need to hear the rest of it. (Laughter and applause.) Just a tip for you — don’t start your sentence that way. (Laughter.)
Speaking of Rand Paul — (laughter) — Colorado legalized marijuana this year, an interesting social experiment. I do hope it doesn’t lead to a whole lot of paranoid people who think that the federal government is out to get them and listening to their phone calls. (Laughter.) That would be a problem. (Laughter.)
And speaking of conservative heroes, the Koch brothers bought a table here tonight. But as usual, they used a shadowy right-wing organization as a front. Hello, Fox News. (Laughter and applause.)
I’m just kidding. Let’s face it, Fox, you’ll miss me when I’m gone. (Laughter.) It will be harder to convince the American people that Hillary was born in Kenya. (Laughter and applause.)
A lot of us really are concerned about the way big money is influencing our politics. I remember when a Super PAC was just me buying Marlboro 100s instead of regulars. (Laughter.)
Of course, now that it’s 2014, Washington is obsessed on the midterms. Folks are saying that with my sagging poll numbers, my fellow Democrats don’t really want me campaigning with them. And I don’t think that’s true — although I did notice the other day that Sasha needed a speaker at career day, and she invited Bill Clinton. (Laughter.) I was a little hurt by that. (Laughter.)
Both sides are doing whatever it takes to win the ruthless game. Republicans — this is a true story — Republicans actually brought in a group of consultants to teach their candidates how to speak to women. This is true. And I don’t know if it will work with women, but I understand that America’s teenage boys are signing up to run for the Senate in droves. (Laughter.)
Anyway, while you guys focus on the horserace, I’m going to do what I do — I’m going to be focused on everyday Americans. Just yesterday, I read a heartbreaking letter — you know I get letters from folks from around the country; every day I get 10 that I read — this one got to me. A Virginia man who’s been stuck in the same part-time job for years; no respect from his boss; no chance to get ahead. I really wish Eric Cantor would stop writing me. (Laughter.) You can just pick up the phone, Eric. (Laughter.)
And I’m feeling sorry — believe it or not — for the Speaker of the House, as well. These days, the House Republicans actually give John Boehner a harder time than they give me, which means orange really is the new black. (Laughter and applause.)
But I have not given up the idea of working with Congress. In fact, two weeks ago, Senator Ted Cruz and I, we got a bill done together. And I have to say, the signing ceremony was something special. We’ve got a picture of it I think. (Laughter.)
Look, I know, Washington seems more dysfunctional than ever. Gridlock has gotten so bad in this town you have to wonder: What did we do to piss off Chris Christie so bad? (Laughter and applause.)
One issue, for example, we haven’t been able to agree on is unemployment insurance. Republicans continue to refuse to extend it. And you know what, I am beginning to think they’ve got a point. If you want to get paid while not working, you should have to run for Congress just like everybody else. (Laughter and applause.)
Of course, there is one thing that keeps Republicans busy. They have tried more than 50 times to repeal Obamacare. Despite that, 8 million people signed up for health care in the first open enrollment. (Applause.) Which does lead one to ask, how well does Obamacare have to work before you don’t want to repeal it? What if everybody’s cholesterol drops to 120? (Laughter.) What if your yearly checkup came with tickets to a Clippers game? (Laughter.) Not the old, Donald Sterling Clippers — the new Oprah Clippers. Would that be good enough? (Laughter.) What if they gave Mitch McConnell a pulse? (Laughter.) What is it going to take? (Laughter.)
Anyway, this year, I’ve promised to use more executive actions to get things done without Congress. My critics call this the “imperial presidency.” The truth is, I just show up every day in my office and do my job. I’ve got a picture of this I think. (Laughter and applause.) You would think they’d appreciate a more assertive approach, considering that the new conservative darling is none other than Vladimir Putin. (Laughter.) Last year, Pat Buchanan said Putin is “headed straight for the Nobel Peace Prize.” He said this. Now I know it sounds crazy but to be fair, they give those to just about anybody these days. (Laughter.) So it could happen.
But it’s not just Pat — Rudy Giuliani said Putin is “what you call a leader.” Mike Huckabee and Sean Hannity keep talking about his bare chest, which is kind of weird. (Laughter.) Look it up — they talk about it a lot. (Laughter.)
It is strange to think that I have just two and a half years left in this office. Everywhere I look, there are reminders that I only hold this job temporarily. (Laughter.)
But it’s a long time between now and 2016, and anything can happen. You may have heard the other day, Hillary had to dodge a flying shoe at a press conference. (Laughter and applause.) I love that picture. (Laughter.)
Regardless of what happens, I’ve run my last campaign and I’m beginning to think about my legacy. Some of you know — Mayor Rahm Emanuel recently announced he is naming a high school in Chicago after me, which is extremely humbling. I was even more flattered to hear Rick Perry, who is here tonight, is doing the same thing in Texas. Take a look. (Laughter.) Thank you, Rick. It means a lot to me. (Laughter and applause.)
And I intend to enjoy all the free time that I will have. George W. Bush took up painting after he left office, which inspired me to take up my own artistic side. (Laughter.) I’m sure we’ve got a shot of this. (Laughter.) Maybe not. The joke doesn’t work without the slide. (Laughter.) Oh well. Assume that it was funny. (Laughter.) Does this happen to you, Joel? It does? Okay.
On a more serious note, tonight reminds us that we really are lucky to live in a country where reporters get to give a head of state a hard time on a daily basis — and then, once a year, give him or her the chance, at least, to try to return the favor.
But we also know that not every journalist, or photographer, or crewmember is so fortunate,because even as we celebrate the free press tonight, our thoughts are with those in places around the globe like Ukraine, and Afghanistan, and Syria, and Egypt, who risk everything — in some cases, even give their lives — to report the news.
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猜测奥巴马的中国政策关中人
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美国2008年大选已经进入高潮,原来被媒体认为不过是出来历练的奥巴马从艾奥瓦到超级星期二到本周末,连续在多个州获胜,不仅在党代表数上逼近之前候选人非她莫属的克林顿,在竞选经费和人气上似乎也要超过克林顿很多。奥巴马在早春获得民主党提名的可能性很大。如果奥巴马果然获得提名,他极有可能在2009年1月成为美国第44任总统。
作为中国人,笔者自然关注奥巴马的中国观和他可能对中国采取的政策。经过一番搜索,突然发现希拉里·克林顿对奥巴马在外交关系上的生疏和没有经验的批评并非空穴来风。奥巴马的主要经历在美国的常青藤大学(哥伦比亚和哈佛)、社区、律师事务所、芝加哥大学法学院和伊利诺斯州议会。从2003年开始考虑竞选联邦参议员到2005年进入参议院他开始更多的关心、过问和关注国际事务,并对参议院涉及外交、国防、战争的决议和法案投票。因此我们很难从他的“公共政策”历史去判断他可能的中国政策。最好的办法可能是从他的背景、他的世界观、他的言论、他的性格、他对国际关系体系和运作准则的理解和谁是他的外交顾问等方面对他可能的中国政策作一个试探性的猜测。
奥巴马的出身和家庭背景决定他在外交政策的走向上可能会更为包容,采用更多的协商,并更多地从对方的角度揣测问题,从而制定比较温和的决策。奥巴马的父亲是肯尼亚的官员,后获得奖学金在夏威夷大学和哈佛大学学习。他的母亲是来自美国中部堪萨斯的白人新教徒。奥巴马的父亲在他两岁时离家出走,奥巴马曾跟母亲和继父在印度尼西亚生活了很多年,之后回到夏威夷檀香山一所私立学校读书。他的混血、他的不白不黑的肤色都使他在小的时候极难进入白人或是黑人的小圈子,有不少孤独和反叛。对这样一个有着跨文化、跨宗族并在亚洲生活过多年的人,他的外交政策肯定不是单一的、以美国为绝对中心的。他跟亚洲人的接触可能使得他对东方文化有更多的了解,对第三世界的贫穷和它们的政治转型有更为细致的感悟。
奥巴马的世界观除了跟他的出身和家庭背景息息相关,跟他受教育的情况肯定也密不可分。从中学到大学到研究生院,奥巴马去的都是美国第一流的学校,学生成分多为富家子弟,有很多犹太人和亚洲人,可以说他的眼界很宽,接触的人来自不同的种族,因此他绝不会用单一的以欧美为中心的、高高在上的价值观去评判和审视外部世界的发展和变化。2006年6月在波士顿大学的毕业典礼上演讲时,奥巴马这样谈全球化:“随着世界的继续变化和我们彼此间的更多的关联,全球化既会给我们的生活带来好处,也会带来干扰。但是,无论好坏,全球化不会消失,我们可以筑墙抵御,也可以只朝里看,更可以以恐惧和愤怒对待这些干扰。但是,我们必须抵制这样的方式。”
奥巴马关于中国的言论几乎没有。笔者目前能找到的只有两个,一个是他2004年7月竞选联邦参议员时发布的《重振美国领导地位》的政策文书,一个他竞选网站上关于他的亚洲政策的论述。在2004年的政策文书中,奥巴马说,
美国必须在中美分歧上――比如台湾――立场坚定,但在可以使两国团结的事务上采取灵活的策略。我们必须坚持劳工标准,人权第一,让中国对美国产品全面开放市场,并严守与美国公司的法律合同。但是,我们不能因此与中国展开贸易战,中国经济的长期不稳定会带来全球性的后果。
奥巴马作为总统候选人对美国亚洲政策的论述如下:
在亚洲,奥巴马会建立一个更为有效的构架,而不仅仅局限于双边协定、定期的高峰会议、临时签署的协议,比如解决北韩问题的六方会谈。他会继续跟日本、南韩和澳大利亚保持牢固的关系,努力与东亚国家建立更为广泛的联系,以推进稳定和繁荣,并保证中国按国际法则行事。
其次,在谈到振兴美国经济和保障美国的就业机会时,奥巴马多次提到他会取消所有把美国工作输出的公司的减税优惠,而只对那些在本国创造就业机会的公司给予奖励。
从这写零星的的只言片语看,奥巴马的出身、所受教育和世界观似乎并没有能够使他对中国有一个全面的认识,他认为中国不尊重人权、不按国际准则处事、对美方开放市场不够。不过,他至少认为中国的经济的发展和稳定已经是整个世界经济的发展和稳定的一个重要环节。
从他的演讲,从他在参议院任职不满一届就决定竞选美国总统,从众多美国人目前对他的“顶礼膜拜”(很多学者说奥巴马已经不是一个简单的总统候选人,而是一场运动,美国似乎正在目睹一个偶像的形成,一场个人崇拜运动的兴起)我们似乎可以推断,奥巴马的性格里不仅有反叛的因子,更有胆大、冒险性强、智勇双全的成分。这样的人敢于推翻范式,敢于推倒重来,敢于建立新的机制和制度。在民主党候选人的辩论中,奥巴马曾两次发表语惊四座的政策声明,一是如果需要,他愿意跟金正日和卡斯特罗这样的在西方看来是独裁者的领导面对面地谈判;二是如果美国有确凿证据证明本·拉登在巴基斯坦的北部山区而巴政府又不允许美国出兵剿杀,他会考虑在那里使用核武器。虽然克林顿指责奥巴马这样的政策导向天真、幼稚,很多美国外交界的大腕却认为这是领袖风范,是大手笔。从这方面看,奥巴马背离传统的美国政策,在中美关系最为重要和微妙的台海关系上提出新的思考和政策的可能性不会没有。
那么奥巴马是怎样看待国际关系的运作体系和准则的呢?目前没有找到奥巴马对国际组织,特别是联合国和区域组织的具体言论,但是从之前提到的他对美国东亚政策的阐述,他似乎对区域间短期和临时的组织机制的效益表示怀疑。在运行准则上,他的立场接近美国前任总统卡特,他反对单纯使用武力把美国的意志强加给他国,同时他又坚持美国的外交必须以推进自己的价值观为终极目的。2004年7月,奥巴马在芝加哥外交关系委员会上发表演讲。他说:
在全球的每一个地区,我们的外交政策应该以推进美国传统的理想为目的:民主和人权、自由和公平贸易、文化交流,并关注建立制度,让更多的中产阶级进入市场经济。这是我们与世界其他国家相通的利益,只有如此,我们才能恢复在世界的影响,赢得人心,击败恐怖分子,让美国价值走向全球。人类的追求是普世的:追求尊严,追求自由,追求改变我们的家庭的生活条件的机会。
奥巴马似乎更注重榜样的力量,十分清楚一个国家的作为是这个国家在这个世界的通行证或审判书。他说,“整个世界都在看我们自己在美国做什么。他们会知道我们今天在这里干了什么,并采取同样的方式在未来对待我们――我们的士兵、我们的外交官、我们的记者,任何离开美国去其他地方的美国人。我希望我们大家都可以牢记这一点。”
另外,奥巴马之所以出来竞选是因为他对美国的爱之深之切,并认为他有义务和责任挽救美国目前出现的颓势和美国声誉在世界范围的衰落。奥巴马之所以可以获得那么多美国人的支持和拥护正是因为他让他们感到了这个国家的伟大,重温了这个国家的梦想,意识到恢复这个国家的超级大国地位的重要和迫切。换句话说,无论如何,奥巴马的外交都是跟重振美国雄风联系起来的,只是他更关注美国的道德的感召,制度的先进和模式的复制,而不仅仅是军事的强大和经济的繁荣。
最后,跟其他获胜的总统候选人一样,他们的外交顾问会对他们的外交政策产生巨大的影响。比尔·克林顿1992年竞选的时候高呼一旦当选,他会把从北京到巴格达的独裁者统统拉下马。布什2000年竞选时,也提出很多建设性的外交政策。但是他们竞选时的言论和他们执政后的决策往往大相径庭。特别是布什总统,他的外交顾问,也就是所谓的新保守主义分子,包括副总统切尼和国防部长拉姆斯菲尔德,几乎完全绑架了他的外交政策,让美国今天多多少少陷入国际关系的泥潭。
美国媒体从去年下半年开始报道奥巴马的外交顾问班子组成,据说核心加外围的成员一共近200人。在没有对所有的外交顾问作出仔细研究和评估之前很难断定他们会给奥巴马提出什么样的建议。不过,我们可以判断有几个顾问将对奥巴马的中国政策起到举足轻重的作用。他们是美国前总统卡特的国家安全委员会顾问布热金斯基(目前是美国华盛顿战略与国际研究中心的资深研究员),克林顿总统的国家安全顾问安托尼·雷克(Anthony Lake,目前是乔治敦大学的国际关系教授)和负责克林顿总统国家安全委员会中国事务的官员杰夫里·贝德(Jeffrey Bader,目前是美国布鲁金斯研究所中国中心主任)。
从这三位的背景看,他们在中国问题上多采取务实的政策,并深切了解中国正在崛起的地位和面临的挑战。因此,他们提供的建议可能会比较脚踏实地,与奥巴马的重振“希望”和启动“变革”的竞选辞令有一定的距离。不过,在奥巴马的外交顾问团队里还有很多关注人权、关注非洲、关注国际法的专家和前任官员。他们对中国政策的制定都会有很大的影响。
综上所述,我们或许可以得出这样的结论:1)奥巴马的成长和成熟过程有助于他对中国的更为细致和耐心的理解;2)奥巴马的性格、世界观和他对美国制度优越性的信心会使得他的中国政策出现两种可能:一是他对传统外交范式的突破;一是推行更为理想化的、传播美国理念的外交;3)从目前收集到的信息,奥巴马似乎没有跟中国打过任何交道,他对中国的偏见也好像根深蒂固。(根据美国一个著名的亚裔团体80-20的信息,奥巴马竞选班子对他们要求奥巴马详细表述自己当选后如何关照亚裔人的利益呼吁一直没有正面答复。该组织于呼吁亚裔人在预选中支持克林顿。在加州的预选中,绝大多数华裔人都投票支持克林顿。这个预选中的小插曲也可能会多少影响奥巴马未来的中国政策。)4)作为一个依然生机勃勃的美国民主的产物,作为一个跟被疾病、贫穷和缺少人权和自由所围剿的非洲大陆有血脉关系的美国人,奥巴马肯定会特别关注人权的改善、民主的普及和巩固与普通人追求幸福和机会的权利,并对那些他认为无视这些普世价值的国家产生自然而然的敌视和敌对。
笔者试图猜测奥巴马的中国政策,但是读者一定会对这样含糊和模糊的猜测感到十分失望。其实,笔者的主要目的不是猜测,而是截取美国政治的一个侧面,让读者更多地了解奥巴马其人其事,进而对他如果当选的外交政策有一个初步的了解。
对中国的政府和外交智囊来说,现在到了研究和解剖奥巴马的时候了。
更多了解美国选举制度和政党政治,2008年美国的大选,请点击本站系列专稿追踪美国大选(I)1月21日至2月7日、追踪美国大选(II)2月7日-2月29日、“美国总统、总统选举和政党政治”、关中人:开场即惊心动魄的2008年美国大选 、斯坦福大学研究员:巴拉克·奥巴马有魅力没“理念” 、 关中人:911改变美国青年 美国青年改变美国政治、让奥巴马迈向白宫的演讲:希望就是勇气,希望就是力量 、巴拉克·奥巴马:今晚,此刻,我们相信、关中人:猜测奥巴马的中国政策、亚裔人支持克林顿 媒体影射其种族歧视。
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